Over the past year, I was interested to follow the first four issues of volume 23 of Medical Principles and Practice. I noticed that multiple authors shared inappropriate referral to the use of the SPSS program within their articles.
SPSS Step-by-Step Tutorial: Part 1. From the menu, select Analyze > Descriptive Statistics> Crosstabs. Click once on Employment, then click the small right arrow next to Rows to move the variable to the Rows pane (Figure 1).
Use Spss How To Explore Your
Was responsible for the development of the program until version 18 before being acquired by IBM Corp., located in Armonk (N.Y., USA) in 2009. Has been responsible for developing the newer versions of the program. The transfer of the business was completed in October 2010, when SPSS Inc. Ceased to exist.This tutorial will show you how to explore your data, by producing graphs in SPSS.
This page shows how to perform a number of statistical tests using SPSS. This application has the ability to take any file type and use the data that is contained in The SPSS Output Viewer will appear with the output: The Descriptive Statistics part of the output gives the mean, standard deviation, and observation count (N) for each of the dependent and independent variables. For example, the 'Id rather stay at home than go out with my friends' variable has a SPSS is the abbreviated form of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. It is generally a set of software programs that are used for batched as well as non.When referring to SPSS versions prior to the IBM acquisition, authors should cite ‘SPSS Statistics for Windows, version x.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA)’, but for versions beginning from 19, authors should cite ‘IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version XX (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA)’.
This data file contains 200 observations from a sample of high schoolStudents with demographic information about the students, such as their gender ( female),Socio-economic status ( ses) and ethnic background ( race). About the hsb data fileMost of the examples in this page will use a data file called hsb2, high schoolAnd beyond. In deciding which test is appropriate to use, it is important toConsider the type of variables that you have (i.e., whether your variables are categorical,Ordinal or interval and whether they are normally distributed), see What is the difference betweenCategorical, ordinal and interval variables? for more information on this. You can see the page Choosing theCorrect Statistical Test for a table that shows an overview of when each test isAppropriate to use.
We wouldConclude that this group of students has a significantly higher mean on the writing testA one sample median test allows us to test whether a sample median differsSignificantly from a hypothesized value. WeThe mean of the variable write for this particular sample of students is 52.775,Which is statistically significantly different from the test value of 50. For example, using the hsb2 data file, say we wish to testWhether the average writing score ( write) differs significantly from 50. One sample t-testA one sample t-test allows us to test whether a sample mean (of a normallyDistributed interval variable) significantly differs from a hypothesizedValue.
In other words, the proportion of females in this sample does notSignificantly differ from the hypothesized value of 50%. Npar testsThe results indicate that there is no statistically significant difference (p =.229). We can do this as shown below.
For example,Using the hsb2 data file, say we wish to test whether the mean for writeIs the same for males and females. Two independent samples t-testAn independent samples t-test is used when you want to compare the means of a normallyDistributed interval dependent variable for two independent groups. Npar testThese results show that racial composition in our sample does not differ significantlyFrom the hypothesized values that we supplied (chi-square with three degrees of freedom =5.029, p =. We want to test whether the observedProportions from our sample differ significantly from these hypothesized proportions. For example, let’sSuppose that we believe that the general population consists of 10% Hispanic, 10% Asian,10% African American and 70% White folks.
Npar testThe results suggest that there is a statistically significant differenceBetween the underlying distributions of the write scores of males andThe write scores of females (z = -3.329, p = 0.001).Is the Mann-Whitney significant when the medians are equal?A chi-square test is used when you want to see if there is a relationship between twoCategorical variables. We will use the same data file (the hsb2 data file) and the same variables in this example as we did in the independent t-test example above and will not assume that write,Our dependent variable, is normally distributed. YouWill notice that the SPSS syntax for the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test is almost identicalTo that of the independent samples t-test. In other words,Females have a statistically significantly higher mean score on writing (54.99) than malesThe Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test is a non-parametric analog to the independent samplesT-test and can be used when you do not assume that the dependent variable is a normallyDistributed interval variable (you only assume that the variable is at least ordinal). The results indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between theMean writing score for males and females (t = -3.734, p =.
Remember that theChi-square test assumes that each cell has an expected frequency of five or more, but theFisher’s exact test has no such assumption and can be used regardless of how small theExpected frequency is. SPSS Learning Module: An Overview of Statistical Tests in SPSSThe Fisher’s exact test is used when you want to conduct a chi-square test but one orMore of your cells has an expected frequency of five or less. CrosstabsAgain we find that there is no statistically significant relationship between theVariables (chi-square with two degrees of freedom = 4.577, p = 0.101). In this example, female has two levels (male andFemale) and ses has three levels (low, medium and high). The point of this example is that one (orBoth) variables may have more than two levels, and that the variables do not have to haveThe same number of levels.
However, we do not know if the difference is between only two of the levels orAll three of the levels. The command for this testThe mean of the dependent variable differs significantly among the levels of programType. For example, using the hsb2 data file, say we wish to test whether the mean of writeDiffers between the three program types ( prog). Please see the results from the chi squaredA one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used when you have a categorical independentVariable (with two or more categories) and a normally distributed interval dependentVariable and you wish to test for differences in the means of the dependent variableBroken down by the levels of the independent variable.
SPSS Library: Understanding and Interpreting Parameter Estimates in Regression and ANOVAThe Kruskal Wallis test is used when you have one independent variable withLevels and an ordinal dependent variable. SPSS FAQ: How can I do ANOVA contrasts in SPSS? SPSS Textbook Examples: Design and Analysis, Chapter 7Examples: Applied Regression Analysis, Chapter 8 IfOther variables had also been entered, the F test for the Model would have beenDifferent from prog.) To see the mean of write for each level ofProgram type, means tables = write by prog.From this we can see that the students in the academic program have the highest meanWriting score, while students in the vocational program have the lowest.
With or without ties, the results indicateThat there is a statistically significant difference among the three type of programs. We will use the same data file as the one way ANOVAExample above (the hsb2 data file) and the same variables as in theExample above, but we will not assume that write is a normally distributed intervalIf some of the scores receive tied ranks, then a correction factor is used, yielding aSlightly different value of chi-squared.
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